/LMAR=0/XLINE=3/FONT#0=BAXL30/FONT#1=BAXI30/FONT#2=BAXB30/FONT#3=BAXS30/FONT#4=METLB/FONT#5=METMB



␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬oOctoberr 1978


␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ε	Proposal to

␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬
␈↓∧University of California
␈↓ ↓N␈↓∧␈↓ ∧DLawrence Livermore Laboratory␈↓¬

␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬{for design of

␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ βe␈↓∧An Operating System for the S-1 Computer␈↓¬


␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ βvJohn McCarthy, Professor of Computer Science
␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬3Principal Investigator










␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ε≡Abstract


␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬The␈α
Stanford␈α
Artificial␈α
Intelligence␈α	Laboratory␈α
proposes␈α
to␈α
continue␈α
participation␈α	in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬the␈αLawrence␈αLivermore␈αLaboratory␈αprogram␈αfor␈αdevelopment␈αof␈αthe␈αS-1␈αcomputer
␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬system.  This proposal covers a one-year period beginning 1 January 1979.










␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ∧W␈↓∧Computer Science Department
␈↓ ↓N␈↓∧␈↓ ¬,Stanford University
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ εS-1 Proposal␈↓ b1


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β(1.  Summary                                 ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ πQ2.  A Pascal Extension for Systems
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓ λ←␈↓αProgramming
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α=Stanford␈α=Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α=Intelligence
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Laboratory␈α∞proposes␈α∞to␈α∂continue␈α∞development     ␈↓ π∞␈↓This␈α⊃section␈α⊃speci␈↓βC␈↓es␈α⊃an␈α⊃upward␈α⊂compatable
␈↓ ↓N␈↓work␈α∂on␈α∂the␈α∞S1␈α∂computer␈α∂system,␈α∂as␈α∞planned         ␈↓ π∞␈↓extension␈α)of␈α)the␈α*Pascal␈α)programming
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in␈α
our␈αproposal␈α
of␈αDecember␈α
1977␈α(Appendix        ␈↓ π∞␈↓language.␈α≡This␈α≡extension␈α≡is␈α≡designed␈α≥to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓A).  This proposal covers calendar year 1979.␈↓ π∞␈↓support␈α→the␈α→development␈α→of␈α→large␈α→systems
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓programs.␈α
The␈α
extension␈αattempts␈α
to␈α
keep␈αthe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α⊂the␈α∂period␈α⊂April␈α⊂1978␈α∂to␈α⊂the␈α⊂present,␈α∂the        ␈↓ π∞␈↓major␈α∩goals␈α∪of␈α∩Pascal␈α∪in␈α∩tact.␈α∪In␈α∩particular
␈↓ ↓N␈↓following has been accomplished.            ␈↓ π∞␈↓attention␈α∪is␈α∀paid␈α∪to:␈α∪simplicity,␈α∀e␈↓β@␈↓iciency␈α∪of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓runtime␈α
execution,␈α
compile-time␈αtype␈α
checking,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞1.  Preliminary design of operating         ␈↓ π∞␈↓language security.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>system.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓One␈α(point␈α(of␈α)noncompatability␈α(exists,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞2.  Support programs have been              ␈↓ π∞␈↓procedures␈α⊂used␈α⊂as␈α⊂parameters␈α⊂must␈α⊂be␈α∂fully
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>developed as follows:                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓typed␈α⊂in␈α⊂their␈α⊂parameter␈α⊂declaration␈α⊂(i.e.␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>a.  S1 simulator,                           ␈↓ π∞␈↓types␈α∀of␈α∀the␈α∪procedure␈α∀parameters␈α∀must␈α∪be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>b.  Cross-assembler for S1 code             ␈↓ π∞␈↓speci␈↓βC␈↓ed).␈α→(Note␈α~that␈α→all␈α~known␈α→compilers
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ αnrunning on PDP-10,                          ␈↓ π∞␈↓which␈α≡implement␈α≡this␈α≡feature␈α≡have␈α≥this
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>c.  S1 debugger,                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓restriction.)
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>d.  PDP-10 simulator for S1,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>e.  AN UYK-7 simulator,                     ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λZEXTENSIONS 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>f.  Memory diagnostic
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓A.␈α∞Constants␈α∂␈↓βE␈↓␈α∞two␈α∞extensions␈α∂are␈α∞supported
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞3.  A set of numerical rountines has been   ␈↓ π∞␈↓for constants:
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>written for the S1 (SQRT, SIN, COS,         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.1. Constants need not be manifest, but may
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>ATAN, LOG, EXP).                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π↑be compile-time computable arithmetic
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π↑expressions.  2. Constants may be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞4.  Detailed design and layout of the       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π↑declared of any type except ␈↓βC␈↓le
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>memory switch is well underway.  At         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π↑(including structured types.)
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>this writing, all data paths and about
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>90% of the control logic have been          ␈↓ π∞␈↓B. Modules
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>designed.  Diagnostic hardware
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>design is just beginning and physical       ␈↓ π∞␈↓A␈αmodule␈αfacility␈αwhich␈αpermits␈αencapsulation
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>layout is yet to be done.                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α⊗separate␈α↔compilation␈α⊗will␈α↔be␈α⊗included.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓This␈α∀facility␈α∀will␈α∀allow␈α∀exporting␈α∀of␈α∪global
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞5.  Assistance has been provided in other   ␈↓ π∞␈↓variables␈α≡and␈α≥procedures.␈α≡Type␈α≥checking
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>hardware design, mainly the memory          ␈↓ π∞␈↓across modules will be supported.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α>interface for the Mark I processor.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓C. Variable Initialization
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Professor␈α
Forest␈α
Baskett␈α
has␈α
joined␈α
the␈α
project
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α∨will␈α≡coordinate␈α∨system␈α≡programming          ␈↓ π∞␈↓Initialization␈α#of␈α#global␈α#variables␈α"within
␈↓ ↓N␈↓e␈↓β@␈↓orts.                                     ␈↓ π∞␈↓modules will be supported.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓D. Type Coercion Functions

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓A␈α
set␈α
of␈αexplicit␈α
functions␈α
which␈α
provide␈αsize
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓matching type coercions will be provided.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓E. Variable extent arrays
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ εS-1 Proposal␈↓ `2


␈↓ ↓N␈↓A␈α∞facility␈α∂for␈α∞specifying␈α∂the␈α∞dimension␈α∂of␈α∞an      ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λkAppendix A 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓array␈α⊂as␈α∂a␈α⊂parameter␈α∂will␈α⊂be␈α⊂provided.␈α∂This        ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ πdText of December 1977 Proposal 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓mechanism␈α→will␈α→also␈α→allow␈α→proceduresπ␈α_to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓accept␈α_arrays␈α_whose␈α↔size␈α_is␈α_unspeci␈↓βC␈↓ed␈α↔at
␈↓ ↓N␈↓compile-time.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓F. Strings                                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ 	ε1.  Goals

␈↓ ↓N␈↓A␈α∪string␈α∪facility␈α∪which␈α∪uses␈α∀varying␈α∪length       ␈↓ π∞␈↓Building␈α~on␈α~a␈α~substantial␈α~background␈α~in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓maximum␈α&sized␈α&static␈α&strings␈α&will␈α&be             ␈↓ π∞␈↓computer␈αtimesharing␈αsystem␈αdevelopment␈α(see
␈↓ ↓N␈↓supported.␈α⊗This␈α⊗mechanism␈α⊗will␈α⊗use␈α⊗string        ␈↓ π∞␈↓Appendix␈α+A),␈α+the␈α+Stanford␈α+Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial
␈↓ ↓N␈↓type␈α checking␈α between␈α strings␈α!and␈α will           ␈↓ π∞␈↓Intelligence␈α_Laboratory␈α↔(SAIL)␈α_proposes␈α↔to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓integrate␈α
the␈α
concept␈α
of␈α
a␈α
string␈α∞constant␈α
into    ␈↓ π∞␈↓participate␈α%in␈α%the␈α%Lawrence␈α$Livermore
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the package.                                ␈↓ π∞␈↓Laboratory␈α∪(LLL)␈α∪program␈α∪for␈α∩development
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α_the␈α↔S-1␈α_computer␈α↔system␈α_by␈α↔designing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓G. Loop exit construct                      ␈↓ π∞␈↓certain␈α∩elements␈α∩and␈α∩developing␈α∪an␈α∩e␈↓β@␈↓icient
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓operating␈αsystem␈α
over␈αa␈α
period␈αof␈α
three␈αyears.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓A␈αloop-exit␈αconstruct␈αwhich␈αallows␈αsingle␈α
level   ␈↓ π∞␈↓This proposal covers the ␈↓βC␈↓rst 9 months' work.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓loop exit will be included.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α∩proposed␈α⊃work␈α∩will␈α⊃have␈α∩the␈α⊃following
␈↓ ↓N␈↓H. Packed Structures                        ␈↓ π∞␈↓subgoals:

␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈αpacked␈αattribute␈αwill␈αbe␈αe␈↓β@␈↓ective␈αand␈αwill     ␈↓ π∞␈↓1)␈α~Design␈α~and␈α~begin␈α~development␈α~of␈α→an
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"pack"␈α∂in␈α∞an␈α∂implementation␈α∂de␈↓βC␈↓ned␈α∞manner.       ␈↓ π∞␈↓operating␈α'sysem␈α'for␈α'both␈α'single␈α&and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Packed␈αand␈αunpacked␈αstructures␈αwill␈αnever␈αbe      ␈↓ π∞␈↓multiprocessor␈α~S-1␈α≠computer␈α~con␈↓βC␈↓gurations
␈↓ ↓N␈↓type compatable.π                           ␈↓ π∞␈↓with␈α
dedicated␈α
disk␈α
systems.␈α
 This␈α
system␈α
will
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓provide␈α$e␈↓β@␈↓icient␈α#resource␈α$allocation␈α#for
␈↓ ↓N␈↓K. Storage management                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α⊂of␈α⊂1␈α∂to␈α⊂32␈α⊂processors␈α⊂and␈α∂will
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓include␈α~user␈α~interactive␈α~facilities␈α~that␈α~are
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Storage␈α∂management␈α∂to␈α∂allow␈α∂explicit␈α∂freeing     ␈↓ π∞␈↓optimized␈α"for␈α"display␈α#terminals,␈α"though
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of storage will be supported.               ␈↓ π∞␈↓teleprinter␈α
terminals␈α
will␈α
also␈α
be␈αsupported.␈α
 In
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓addition␈αto␈αthe␈αoperating␈αsystem,␈αa␈α
number␈αof
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓utility␈α⊂programs␈α⊂will␈α⊂be␈α⊂developed,␈α∂including
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓text␈α$editors,␈α$␈↓βC␈↓le␈α$management␈α#programs,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓compilers, and debuggers.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓SAIL␈αrecognizes␈αthat␈αthe␈αS-1␈α
Project␈αrequires
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓an␈α∂evolving␈α∞operating␈α∂system␈α∞for␈α∂the␈α∞various
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓computer␈αcon␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈αit␈αis␈αcreating,␈αand␈αwill
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓undertake␈α⊂to␈α⊂create␈α∂an␈α⊂operating␈α⊂system␈α∂that
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓will␈αhave␈αsome␈αminimal␈αcapability␈αearly␈αin␈αthe
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓e␈↓β@␈↓ort,␈α~growing␈α~thereafter␈α~in␈α~capability␈α→in
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓frequent increments.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓2)␈α
Based␈α
on␈α
work␈α
done␈α
in␈α
pursuit␈α
of␈α
the␈α
␈↓βC␈↓rst
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓subgoal,␈α,recommend␈α,speci␈↓βC␈↓c␈α,equipment
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓characteristics␈α≥needed␈α≥to␈α≡support␈α≥e␈↓β@␈↓icient
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓operation.␈α≥ This␈α≥particularly␈α≡includes␈α≥the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓manner␈α⊗in␈α⊗which␈α⊗secondary␈α⊗memories␈α⊗and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αGoals␈↓ ε↑␈↓ `3


␈↓ ↓N␈↓peripherals␈αwill␈α
connect␈αto␈αvarious␈α
S-1␈αsystem    ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(4) general design of user services, including
␈↓ ↓N␈↓con␈↓βC␈↓gurations.                              ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNdisplay control, command languages, and
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNcharacter set standards;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓3)␈α
Support␈α
S-1␈α
Project␈α
hardware␈α
development,     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(5) analysis of other resource allocation issues;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in␈α∃fashions␈α∃and␈α∀to␈α∃extents␈α∃mutualy␈α∀agreed         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(6) study of major existing operating systems
␈↓ ↓N␈↓upon␈α→by␈α→cognizant␈α→SAIL␈α→and␈α→LLL␈α_sta␈↓β@␈↓.              ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNto determine which of their features may
␈↓ ↓N␈↓During␈αthe␈αperiod␈α
of␈αthis␈αinitial␈αproposal␈α
such    ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNbe pro␈↓βC␈↓tably included in the one to be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓support␈αactivity␈αwill␈αinclude␈αdetailed␈αdesign␈αof  ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNcreated, and which, if any, of their major
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α#crossbar␈α$switch␈α#for␈α#the␈α$␈↓βC␈↓rst␈α#S-1              ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNmodules may be appropriately carried
␈↓ ↓N␈↓multiprocessor␈α→con␈↓βC␈↓guration␈α→and␈α→the␈α→post-       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNover into the new operating system;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓construction␈α∞debugging␈α
and␈α∞documentation␈α
of     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(7) formulation of criteria for selection of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓this hardware module.                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNprogramming languages to be used in
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNmajor develop- ment tasks.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓This␈α⊃phase␈α⊂of␈α⊃the␈α⊂work␈α⊃will␈α⊃culminate␈α⊂with
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α∩generation␈α∩of␈α∩a␈α∩report␈α∪documenting␈α∩the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β 2.  Work Plan                               ␈↓ π∞␈↓results of performing these 7 tasks.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ α∩2.1 Operating System Development            ␈↓ π∞␈↓Other␈α∂products␈α∞of␈α∂this␈α∞phase␈α∂will␈α∂include␈α∞an
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓assortment␈αof␈αplanning␈αdocuments␈αand␈αspeci␈↓βC␈↓c
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α∀operating␈α∀system␈α∀to␈α∀be␈α∀developed␈α∀will         ␈↓ π∞␈↓recommendations␈α∞on␈α∞equipment␈α∂design␈α∞issues,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓exploit␈α≡the␈α≡full␈α≡suite␈α≡of␈α∨capabilities␈α≡of         ␈↓ π∞␈↓such␈α∞as␈α
how␈α∞the␈α
disk␈α∞storage␈α
units␈α∞should␈α
be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓multiprocessor␈αS-1␈α
con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈αand␈α
will␈αuse    ␈↓ π∞␈↓interfaced to the multiprocessor system.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α↔better␈α↔features␈α↔of␈α_existing␈α↔timesharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓systems,␈α↔such␈α↔as␈α↔Unix,␈α↔Multics,␈α↔TOPS-20,         ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α∪subsequent␈α∩design␈α∪phase␈α∩(of␈α∪about␈α∩six
␈↓ ↓N␈↓ITS,␈α∂and␈α∞the␈α∂Stanford␈α∞Monitor.␈α∂ However,␈α∞it       ␈↓ π∞␈↓months'␈α
duration)␈α
will␈α
focus␈α
on␈αdetailed␈α
design
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will␈α⊂also␈α∂be␈α⊂capable␈α∂of␈α⊂specialization␈α⊂for␈α∂use     ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α→the␈α→functional␈α→elements␈α→of␈α→the␈α→system,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓with␈α single␈α processor␈α!S-1␈α con␈↓βC␈↓gurations.        ␈↓ π∞␈↓selection␈α⊗of␈α∃system␈α⊗programming␈α∃languages,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓There␈α≥will␈α≥also␈α≥be␈α≥some␈α≡innovation␈α≥in             ␈↓ π∞␈↓programming␈α≠of␈α≠developmental␈α≠tools␈α≠(e.g.,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓interactive user services.                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓simple␈α∪editors␈α∪and␈α∪debuggers),␈α∪and␈α∪possibly
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈αmodi␈↓βC␈↓cation␈α
of␈αa␈α
compiler␈αto␈α
produce␈αS-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓A␈α~key␈α~problem␈α→to␈α~be␈α~solved␈α~is␈α→e␈↓β@␈↓icient             ␈↓ π∞␈↓code.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓allocation␈α_and␈α_scheduling␈α_of␈α→resources.␈α_ It
␈↓ ↓N␈↓should␈α$be␈α$possible␈α$to␈α$␈↓βD␈↓exibly␈α#allocate           ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λπ2.2 Crossbar Switch Design
␈↓ ↓N␈↓processors␈α≡either␈α≡to␈α≥a␈α≡number␈α≡of␈α≥tasks
␈↓ ↓N␈↓supporting␈α∩independent␈α∩users␈α∩or␈α∩to␈α∩separate      ␈↓ π∞␈↓It␈α∂is␈α∂proposed␈α∂to␈α∂design␈α∂a␈α∂crossbar␈α⊂switch␈α∂to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓forks of a single task, depending on priorities.␈↓ π∞␈↓connect␈α∀16␈α∀S-1␈α∀processors␈α∀with␈α∀16␈α∪memory
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓modules␈α∞with␈α∂a␈α∞maximum␈α∞concurrency␈α∂of␈α∞16,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α⊃planning␈α⊃phase␈α⊃of␈α⊃this␈α⊃work␈α∩(of␈α⊃about          ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α↔a␈α↔throughput␈α↔of␈α↔70␈α_nanoseconds␈α↔per
␈↓ ↓N␈↓three␈αmonths'␈αduration)␈αwill␈αbe␈αdevoted␈αto␈αthe     ␈↓ π∞␈↓word,␈αas␈α
speci␈↓βC␈↓ed␈αin␈α
Reference␈α1.␈α
 The␈αswitch
␈↓ ↓N␈↓following tasks:                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓will␈α
contain␈α
logic␈α
to␈α
allow␈α
an␈α
LSI-11␈α
processor,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑(1) familiarization with the S-1 equipment  ␈↓ π∞␈↓connected␈α⊃through␈α⊃an␈α⊃LLL-supplied␈α⊃parallel
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞characteristics;                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓interface,␈α
to␈αperform␈α
comprehensive␈α
testing␈αof
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑(2) characterization of the principal kinds of␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈αswitch␈α(both␈αby␈αproviding␈αarti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈αstimuli
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞computing tasks that are to be performed    ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈α∀the␈α∪switch,␈α∀and␈α∀by␈α∪reading␈α∀the␈α∀state␈α∪of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞with this system;                           ␈↓ π∞␈↓switch␈αbuses␈αand␈α
signals)␈αand␈αto␈α
recover␈αfrom
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑(3) general design of program services to be␈↓ π∞␈↓what␈α(are␈α(considered␈α(to␈α)be␈α(probable
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞provided by the operating system,           ␈↓ π∞␈↓recoverable␈α≥failure␈α≥modes␈α≥of␈α≥the␈α≤switch,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞including primary memory allocation and     ␈↓ π∞␈↓processors, and memory modules.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞␈↓βC␈↓le system characteristics;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αWork Plan␈↓ ¬"2.2  Crossbar Switch Design␈↓ ]4


␈↓ ↓N␈↓SAIL␈α≤proposes␈α≠to␈α≤perform␈α≤the␈α≠following           ␈↓ π∞␈↓processor␈α?␈απand␈α?␈απmultiprocessor␈α?␈απS-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓subtasks␈α
of␈α∞this␈α
basic␈α∞task␈α
during␈α∞the␈α
current     ␈↓ π∞␈↓con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α∩appropriate␈α∩to␈α∪various␈α∩phases
␈↓ ↓N␈↓proposal period:                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α∀advanced␈α∀operating␈α∃systems␈α∀development
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑1) Familiarization of SAIL design personnel ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α
debugging.␈α
 Determination␈αof␈α
how␈α
this␈αis
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞with the S-1 Design System.                 ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈α∩be␈α∩most␈α⊃e␈↓β@␈↓ectively␈α∩accomplished␈α∩is␈α∩to␈α⊃be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑2) Complete logical design of the switch    ␈↓ π∞␈↓made␈α∀jointly␈α∃by␈α∀cognizant␈α∀LLL␈α∃and␈α∀SAIL
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞using the S-1 Design System Graphics        ␈↓ π∞␈↓personnel,␈α∨as␈α∨such␈α∨needs␈α∨evolve.␈α∨ It␈α≡is
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞Language.                                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓anticipated␈α∃that␈α∃some␈α∃phone␈α∃line␈α⊗access␈α∃to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑3) Complete physical design of the switch,  ␈↓ π∞␈↓LLL-based␈α⊃S-1␈α⊃hardware␈α⊃con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α⊂will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞including layout and cable assignment.      ␈↓ π∞␈↓be␈α
needed␈αand␈α
a␈α
budget␈αitem␈α
to␈α
support␈αsuch
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑4) Production of ␈↓βC␈↓nal wire-lists through the␈↓ π∞␈↓access is included.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞S-1 Design System.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑5) Debugging, including demonstration of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞full switch functionality, using the LLL-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞supplied LSI-11 diagnostic system.          ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ πi4.  Coordination and Reporting
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑6) Documentation, including a structured text
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞description of the hardware to augment      ␈↓ π∞␈↓It␈α≠is␈α≠proposed␈α≠that␈α≠primary␈α≠coordination
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞the structured drawings, and a high-level   ␈↓ π∞␈↓between␈α≡cognizant␈α≡LLL␈α≡and␈α≡SAIL␈α≥sta␈↓β@␈↓
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞description of switch operation.            ␈↓ π∞␈↓members␈α'be␈α'accompished␈α'via␈α&monthly
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓meetings,␈α⊃to␈α⊃be␈α⊃conducted␈α⊃for␈α⊃approximately
␈↓ ↓N␈↓All␈α≥aspects␈α≥of␈α≥crossbar␈α≡switch␈α≥hardware          ␈↓ π∞␈↓half-day␈α#periods.␈α# Senior␈α#SAIL␈α"Project
␈↓ ↓N␈↓implementation␈α$is␈α#proposed␈α$to␈α$be␈α#the             ␈↓ π∞␈↓members␈α~will␈α~document␈α~the␈α~salient␈α→topics
␈↓ ↓N␈↓responsibility␈α⊂of␈α⊂LLL.␈α⊂ At␈α⊂the␈α⊃completion␈α⊂of      ␈↓ π∞␈↓addressed␈α≡at␈α≥these␈α≡conferences␈α≥(including
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Step␈α⊂4␈α∂(above),␈α⊂it␈α∂is␈α⊂proposed␈α∂that␈α⊂LLL␈α∂will        ␈↓ π∞␈↓accomplishments␈α⊂of␈α∂the␈α⊂previous␈α⊂month,␈α∂and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓construct␈α∞the␈α
switch,␈α∞associated␈α∞cabinetry,␈α
and  ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α→relatively␈α→detailed␈α→work␈α→plan␈α→for␈α→the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓LSI-11␈α⊃debug␈α∩processor,␈α⊃and␈α∩will␈α⊃thereupon       ␈↓ π∞␈↓upcoming␈α(month)␈α(and␈α(distribute␈α(such
␈↓ ↓N␈↓make␈α⊃the␈α⊂switch␈α⊃available␈α⊂for␈α⊃debugging␈α⊂by        ␈↓ π∞␈↓documents␈α∪to␈α∪all␈α∪cognizant␈α∪SAIL␈α∀and␈α∪LLL
␈↓ ↓N␈↓SAIL␈αsta␈↓β@␈↓.␈α Throughout␈αthe␈αdesign,␈αcognizant     ␈↓ π∞␈↓sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α%members␈α$as␈α%the␈α%primary␈α$project
␈↓ ↓N␈↓SAIL␈α
sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α
members␈α
will␈α
maintain␈α
close␈α
contact     ␈↓ π∞␈↓coordination papers.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓with cognizant LLL sta␈↓β@␈↓ members.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓SAIL␈αproposes␈α
to␈αsubmit␈α
two␈αinterim␈α
technical
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓reports␈α↔to␈α↔LLL␈α↔dealing␈α↔with␈α↔the␈α↔progress
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓made␈αduring␈αthe␈αWinter␈αand␈αSpring␈αQuarters
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β,3.  Facilities                              ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α∀1978,␈α∃and␈α∀a␈α∀␈↓βC␈↓nal,␈α∃comprehensive␈α∀report
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓which␈α∞treats␈α∂in␈α∞detail␈α∞all␈α∂aspects␈α∞of␈α∂the␈α∞work
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Much␈α≡of␈α∨the␈α≡planning␈α∨and␈α≡preliminary             ␈↓ π∞␈↓done␈α↔during␈α↔the␈α_January-September,␈α↔1978,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓programming␈α⊃work␈α⊃on␈α⊃both␈α⊃projects␈α⊃will␈α⊃be         ␈↓ π∞␈↓period.␈α_ It␈α_is␈α_anticipated␈α_that␈α→the␈α_Winter
␈↓ ↓N␈↓performed␈α∂on␈α⊂the␈α∂existing␈α⊂computer␈α∂facilities    ␈↓ π∞␈↓Quarter␈α
document␈α
will␈α
report␈α
the␈α
results␈α
of␈α
the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈α+the␈α+Stanford␈α+Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α*Intelligence          ␈↓ π∞␈↓7-point␈α operating␈α sysem␈α planning␈α phase
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Laboratory.␈α Since␈αthis␈αequipment␈αhas␈αalready    ␈↓ π∞␈↓discussed␈α∩in␈α⊃Section␈α∩2.1,␈α∩as␈α⊃well␈α∩as␈α∩the␈α⊃␈↓βC␈↓rst
␈↓ ↓N␈↓been␈α,purchased,␈α,mostly␈α,with␈α,U.␈α+S.                ␈↓ π∞␈↓three␈αitems␈α
of␈αthe␈α
crossbar␈αswitch␈α
development
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Government␈α⊗research␈α⊗funds,␈α⊗the␈α⊗only␈α⊗costs        ␈↓ π∞␈↓discussed␈α≡in␈α≡Section␈α≡2.2.␈α≡ It␈α≡is␈α≡likewise
␈↓ ↓N␈↓involved␈αin␈αits␈αuse␈αwill␈αbe␈αthe␈αsupport␈αof␈αpart      ␈↓ π∞␈↓expected␈α∩that␈α∪the␈α∩Spring␈α∪Quarter␈α∩document
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈αa␈αcomputer␈αtechnician␈αand␈αa␈αshare␈αof␈αother       ␈↓ π∞␈↓will␈αreport␈αpreliminary␈αresults␈αof␈αthe␈α
operating
␈↓ ↓N␈↓maintenance costs.                          ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α⊂design␈α⊃phase␈α⊂of␈α⊃Section␈α⊂2.1,␈α⊃and␈α⊂will
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓also␈α∞report␈α∞successful␈α∞completion␈α∞of␈α∞at␈α∞least␈α∞2
␈↓ ↓N␈↓It␈αis␈αproposed␈αthat␈αLLL␈αmake␈αavailable␈αto␈αthe       ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈αthe␈α␈↓βC␈↓nal␈α3␈αitems␈αof␈αthe␈α
switch␈αdevelopment
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Stanford␈α∨Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α∨Intelligence␈α∨Laboratory     ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈αSection␈α2.2.␈α The␈α␈↓βC␈↓nal␈αreport␈αwill␈αdetail␈αthe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓fractions␈α⊗of␈α∃the␈α⊗capabilities␈α∃of␈α⊗both␈α∃single      ␈↓ π∞␈↓design␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α
operating␈α∞system␈α∞of␈α∞Section␈α
2.1,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αCoordination and Reporting␈↓ ε↑␈↓ ←5


␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α
will␈α
include␈α∞the␈α
description␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
switch     ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λlAppendix B 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈αimplementation␈α
and␈αdebugging␈αwork␈α
of      ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π SAIL Background in System Development 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Section␈α2.2.␈α All␈αthese␈αreports␈αwill␈αbe␈α
delivered
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈α∪LLL␈α∀within␈α∪30␈α∀days␈α∪of␈α∀the␈α∪end␈α∀of␈α∪the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓periods on whose results they report.       ␈↓ π∞␈↓While␈α⊃the␈α⊃primary␈α⊃interests␈α⊃of␈α∩the␈α⊃Stanford
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αhave␈αbeen␈αin
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α∪intelligence,␈α∪mathematical␈α∀theory␈α∪of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓computation,␈α
and␈α
related␈α
theoretical␈αproblems,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓certain␈α
members␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
SAIL␈α
sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∞have␈α
been
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓involved␈α⊂for␈α∂many␈α⊂years␈α∂in␈α⊂the␈α∂development
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α4timesharing␈α4systems,␈α4programming
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓languages,␈α∂and␈α∂interactive␈α∂facilities.␈α∂ Some␈α∂of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓these activities are outlined below.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈αconcept␈αof␈αa␈αgeneral␈αpurpose␈αtimesharing
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α∂was␈α∂␈↓βC␈↓rst␈α∞proposed␈α∂by␈α∂John␈α∞McCarthy
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓when␈α∞he␈α∞was␈α∞at␈α
MIT␈α∞[2].␈α∞ That␈α∞proposal␈α
led
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈αthe␈αpioneering␈αsystems␈αdeveloped␈αin␈αProject
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓MAC.␈α↔ McCarthy␈α_also␈α↔participated␈α_in␈α↔the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓development␈αof␈αan␈αearly␈αtimesharing␈αsystem␈αat
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓BBN [3].

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓Shortly␈α∀after␈α∀arriving␈α∀at␈α∀Stanford␈α∀in␈α∀1962,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓McCarthy␈α∂undertook␈α⊂the␈α∂development␈α⊂of␈α∂the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓βC␈↓rst␈α∪display-oriented␈α∪timesharing␈α∪system␈α∪[4],
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓based␈α
on␈αa␈α
PDP-1␈αcomputer␈α
with␈α
12␈αdisplays
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α∪a␈α∪link␈α∪to␈α∩an␈α∪IBM␈α∪7090.␈α∪ One␈α∩notable
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓accomplishment␈α∨of␈α∨this␈α∨project␈α∨was␈α∨the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓development␈α#of␈α#a␈α#"page␈α#editor"␈α"called
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓TVEDIT␈α∃that␈α∃exploited␈α∃the␈α∃capabilities␈α∀of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓displays␈α≡in␈α≡text␈α≡editing.␈α≡ This␈α≡was␈α≥the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓forerunner␈α∪of␈α∪screen␈α∀editors␈α∪now␈α∪in␈α∀use␈α∪at
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓SAIL␈α∪and␈α∩in␈α∪a␈α∩number␈α∪of␈α∪other␈α∩advanced
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓timesharing systems.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓When␈α!the␈α!SAIL␈α!computer␈α!facility␈α was
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓assembled␈α∪in␈α∀1966,␈α∪the␈α∀sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∪of␈α∀the␈α∪PDP-1
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓timesharing␈αproject␈αbecame␈αthe␈αnucleus␈αof␈αthe
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓computer␈α system␈α∨sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α that␈α developed␈α∨a
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓display-oriented␈α⊗system␈α↔on␈α⊗a␈α↔DEC␈α⊗PDP-6
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓computer␈α∃initially␈α∃and␈α∃later␈α∃on␈α∃KA10␈α∀and
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓KL10␈α→processors.␈α→ There␈α→are␈α→currently␈α→70
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓display␈αterminals␈α
connected␈αto␈α
the␈αsystem,␈α
most
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α⊃them␈α⊃with␈α∩full␈α⊃graphics␈α⊃capability␈α∩[5,␈α⊃6].
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓There␈α∪is␈α∪also␈α∪a␈α∪connection␈α∪to␈α∪the␈α∩Arpanet,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓permitting␈α$remote␈α$access␈α$to␈α$and␈α#from
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓hundreds␈α~of␈α~other␈α~computers␈α~around␈α~the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓world.␈α
 In␈α∞addition␈α
to␈α∞providing␈α
conventional
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓timesharing␈α∨services,␈α∨this␈α∨system␈α∨handles
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αAppendix B␈↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development␈↓ `6


␈↓ ↓N␈↓realtime␈α≠control␈α≤of␈α≠mechanical␈α≤arms␈α≠and          ␈↓ π∞␈↓carry␈α⊃out␈α⊃the␈α⊃proposed␈α⊃work␈α⊃are␈α∩as␈α⊃follows.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓television␈α⊂cameras,␈α⊂in␈α⊂support␈α⊂of␈α⊃research␈α⊂in     ␈↓ π∞␈↓John␈α_McCarthy,␈α↔who␈α_will␈α_provide␈α↔overall
␈↓ ↓N␈↓automatic␈α∂mechanical␈α∂assembly␈α∂and␈α∞computer      ␈↓ π∞␈↓direction␈α⊗of␈α⊗the␈α⊗project,␈α⊗is␈α⊗a␈α⊗Professor␈α∃of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓vision [7].                                 ␈↓ π∞␈↓Computer␈α
Science␈α∞and␈α
Director␈α
of␈α∞SAIL.␈α
 He
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓has␈α∂26␈α∂years␈α∞experience␈α∂as␈α∂a␈α∂faculty␈α∞member
␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α∩the␈α∩period␈α∩1970-73,␈α∩SAIL␈α∩sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∩members          ␈↓ π∞␈↓at␈α∩a␈α∩number␈α∩of␈α∩major␈α∩universities␈α∩and␈α∩has
␈↓ ↓N␈↓designed␈α∀a␈α∀high␈α∀speed␈α∀processor␈α∀known␈α∀as          ␈↓ π∞␈↓been␈α a␈α principal␈α innovator␈α!in␈α arti␈↓βC␈↓cial
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"Super␈α≥Foonly",␈α≡which␈α≥featured␈α≡a␈α≥cache           ␈↓ π∞␈↓intelligence,␈α<mathematical␈α=theory␈α<of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓memory,␈α≤user-accessible␈α≤microcode,␈α≥and␈α≤a        ␈↓ π∞␈↓computation,␈α⊗and␈α⊗timesharing␈α↔systems.␈α⊗ Les
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"console␈α∨computer"␈α∨(a␈α∨minicomputer␈α≡that         ␈↓ π∞␈↓Earnest,␈α⊃who␈α⊃is␈α⊃Associate␈α⊃Director␈α∩of␈α⊃SAIL,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓monitors␈α~the␈α→main␈α~processor).␈α~ The␈α→latter        ␈↓ π∞␈↓will␈α⊂handle␈α∂much␈α⊂of␈α∂the␈α⊂management␈α⊂of␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓innovation␈α→has␈α→since␈α→been␈α→included␈α~in␈α→a           ␈↓ π∞␈↓project.␈α≠ He␈α≤has␈α≠24␈α≠years␈α≤experience␈α≠in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓number␈α
of␈α
other␈α
machines,␈α
including␈α
the␈αS-1.      ␈↓ π∞␈↓programming,␈α_computer␈α_system␈α_design␈α↔and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓After␈α∂the␈α∞design␈α∂was␈α∞completed,␈α∂it␈α∂was␈α∞made        ␈↓ π∞␈↓technical management.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓available␈α∩to␈α∩Digital␈α∩Equipment␈α∩Corporation,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓which␈α used␈α it␈α!as␈α the␈α basis␈α!for␈α their               ␈↓ π∞␈↓Je␈↓β@␈↓␈α→Rubin,␈α→who␈α→will␈α→head␈α→the␈α_operating
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Decsystem/10␈α!and␈α"Decsystem/20␈α!computer         ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α∞design␈α∞e␈↓β@␈↓ort,␈α∂is␈α∞currently␈α∞in␈α∂charge␈α∞of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓systems.␈α⊃ The␈α⊃KL10␈α⊃processor␈α⊃now␈α∩at␈α⊃SAIL          ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α∞programming␈α
at␈α∞SAIL␈α
and␈α∞has␈α
twelve
␈↓ ↓N␈↓was␈α
donated␈αby␈α
DEC␈α
out␈αof␈α
gratitude␈α
for␈αthe         ␈↓ π∞␈↓years␈α⊂experience␈α⊂as␈α⊂a␈α⊂programmer,␈α⊂including
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design contribution.                        ␈↓ π∞␈↓six␈αyears␈αas␈αa␈αsystem␈αprogrammer␈αat␈αMIT␈αand
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓four␈α∃years␈α∃in␈α∃this␈α∃capacity␈α∃at␈α∃SAIL.␈α∃ Ted
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Another␈α
important␈α
outgrowth␈α
of␈α
this␈α
computer     ␈↓ π∞␈↓Panofsky,␈αwho␈αwill␈αdesign␈αthe␈αcrossbar␈αswitch,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈αproject␈αwas␈αa␈αdesign␈αautomation␈αsystem     ␈↓ π∞␈↓is␈αhead␈αof␈αthe␈αSAIL␈αComputer␈αFacility␈αgroup,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓known␈α"as␈α#SUDS␈α"[8],␈α#which␈α"combined                ␈↓ π∞␈↓has␈α⊂been␈α∂a␈α⊂design␈α⊂engineer␈α∂at␈α⊂SAIL␈α⊂for␈α∂ten
␈↓ ↓N␈↓interactive␈α"drawing␈α"facilities␈α#with␈α"other       ␈↓ π∞␈↓years,␈α∃and␈α∃had␈α∃several␈α∃years␈α⊗of␈α∃electronics
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computer-aided␈αdesign␈αservices.␈α This␈αwas␈αthe    ␈↓ π∞␈↓experience␈αbefore␈αthat.␈α
 Martin␈αFrost␈αhas␈α
been
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓βC␈↓rst␈αsystem␈αthat␈αpermitted␈αa␈αdesigner,␈αworking    ␈↓ π∞␈↓a systems programmer at SAIL for ␈↓βC␈↓ve years.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓through␈α~a␈α→display␈α~terminal,␈α~to␈α→completely
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈α≡complex␈α≡digital␈α≡devices,␈α≥including       ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λuReferences 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓printed␈α⊂circuit␈α⊂boards␈α⊂and␈α⊂backpanel␈α∂wiring.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α
system␈α
automatically␈α
produces␈α
artwork␈α
for    ␈↓ π∞␈↓[1] Tom McWilliams and Curt Widdoes, ␈↓αThe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓PC␈α∪boards␈α∪and␈α∪control␈α∪tapes␈α∪for␈α∪automatic         ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>S-1 Memory Interface␈↓, October 3, 1977.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓wiring␈α∃machines.␈α∀ SUDS␈α∃has␈α∀been␈α∃used␈α∀to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈α∂␈↓βC␈↓ve␈α∞large␈α∂computers␈α∞so␈α∂far,␈α∞as␈α∂well␈α∞as       ␈↓ π∞␈↓[2] John McCarthy, ␈↓αA Time Sharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓countless␈α∞other␈α∞digital␈α∞devices.␈α∞ It␈α∞is␈α∞currently ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>Operator Program for our Projected IBM
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in␈α⊃use␈α∩at␈α⊃MIT,␈α∩Carnegie-Mellon␈α⊃University,       ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>709␈↓, memo to P. M. Morse, MIT, January
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α∀Digital␈α∪Equipment␈α∀Corporation,␈α∪among        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>1, 1959.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓other␈α⊗places,␈α⊗and␈α⊗is␈α⊗the␈α⊗basis␈α⊗of␈α⊗the␈α∃S-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Design System.                              ␈↓ π∞␈↓[3] John McCarthy, S. Boilen, E. Fredkin,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>J.C.R. Licklider, ␈↓αA Time-sharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Other␈α∂interests␈α∞of␈α∂the␈α∞SAIL␈α∂sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∂include␈α∞the       ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>Debugging System for a Small
␈↓ ↓N␈↓development␈α≠of␈α≠assemblers␈α≠[9],␈α≠the␈α≠LISP          ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>Computer␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc. AFIP Conf.␈↓ (SJCC), Vol.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓family␈αof␈αprogramming␈αlanguages␈αand␈αsystems      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>23, 1963.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓[10,␈α
11,␈α∞12],␈α
the␈α∞SAIL␈α
language␈α∞and␈α
compiler
␈↓ ↓N␈↓[13],␈α
text␈α
editors␈α
[14,␈α
15],␈αinteractive␈α
debuggers␈↓ π∞␈↓[4] John McCarthy, D. Brian, G. Feldman, J.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓[16],␈α⊃document␈α⊂compilers␈α⊃[17],␈α⊃and␈α⊂computer      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>Allen, ␈↓αTHOR ␈↓␈↓βe␈↓␈↓α A Display Based Time-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓communication systems [18].                 ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>sharing System␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.␈↓
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>(FJCC), Vol. 30, Thompson, Washington,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α
backgrounds␈α
of␈α
the␈α
individuals␈α
who␈α
will       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>D.C., 1967.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αAppendix B␈↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development␈↓ `7


␈↓ ↓N␈↓[5] Brian Harvey and Martin Frost, ␈↓αMonitor
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Command Manual␈↓, SAILON-54.5,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}January 1976.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[6] McCarthy, John, Lester Earnest, D. Raj.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Reddy, Pierre Vicens, ␈↓αA Computer with
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Hands, Eyes, and Ears␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.␈↓
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}(FJCC), 1968.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[7] Martin Frost, ␈↓αUUO Manual␈↓, SAILON-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}55.5, October 1977.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[8] Richard Helliwell, ␈↓αStanford Drawing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Program␈↓, SAIL Program Note, 1971.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[9] Fred Wright and Ralph Gorin, ␈↓αFAIL␈↓,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Stanford AI Memo AIM-226, April 1974.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[10] John McCarthy, ␈↓αRecursive Functions of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Symbolic Expressions␈↓, ␈↓↓Communications of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓↓␈↓ ↓}the ACM␈↓, April 1960.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[11] John McCarthy, ␈↓↓et al, LISP 1.5
␈↓ ↓N␈↓↓␈↓ ↓}Programmer's Manual,␈↓, MIT Press, 1962.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[12] David C. Smith, ␈↓αMLISP User's Manual␈↓,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Stanford AI Memo AIM-84, January
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}1969.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[13] John Reiser (ed.), ␈↓αSAIL␈↓, Stanford AI
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Memo AIM-289, August 1976.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[14] William Weiher and Steve Savitzky, ␈↓αSon
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}of Stopgap␈↓, SAILON-50.3, October 1970.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[15] Arthur Samuel and Martin Frost, ␈↓αE Text
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Editor␈↓, Program Note, December 1977.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[16] Phil Petit, ␈↓αRAID␈↓, SAILON-58.1,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}February 1970.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[17] Larry Tesler, ␈↓αPUB, the Document
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Compiler␈↓, SAILON-70, September 1970.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[18] John McCarthy and Les Earnest,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}␈↓αDIALNET and the Home Terminal␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓↓␈↓ ↓}Computer Faire␈↓, San Francisco, 1977.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ε↑␈↓ ←8


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β+Appendix C                                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓      h. Student Res. Assist. ␈↓ 
Z7.5␈↓ 
} ␈↓ ,7,765
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ βOBudget                                      ␈↓ π∞␈↓         50% acad. yr., 100% sum.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓      f. Support Personnel:
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓lTwelve months beginning 1 January 1979
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓         (1) Secretary (25%) ␈↓ 
Z3.0␈↓ 
} ␈↓ ,2,946
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ∧d␈↓αPerson␈↓ ¬>
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ∧ZMonths␈↓ ¬>                                      ␈↓ π∞␈↓         (2) Elect. Tech. (25%) ␈↓ 
Z3.0␈↓ 
} ␈↓ ,4,198
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αA. Salaries and Wages␈↓                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ _______
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓      Total Salaries & Wages ␈↓ ∞150,631
␈↓ ↓N␈↓   1. Senior Personnel:
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αB. Sta␈↓␈↓β`␈↓␈↓α Bene␈↓␈↓βc␈↓␈↓αts␈↓ ␈↓ ≥30,427
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      a. John McCarthy ␈↓ ¬~0.8␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l2,956            ␈↓ π∞␈↓     19.5% till 1 Sept.'79,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Prof. of Computer Science          ␈↓ π∞␈↓     21.6% thereafter
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         5% acad. yr., 10% summer
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αC. Travel␈↓ (domestic) ␈↓ ,7,500
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      b. Forest Baskett ␈↓ ¬~3.5␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l9,152
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Assoc. Prof. of C.S. & E.E.        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αD. Other direct costs ␈↓ ␈↓ ≥22,700
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         25% acad. yr., 40% sum.            ␈↓ π∞␈↓     (e.g. telephone, publications,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓     o␈↓α␈↓β@␈↓α␈↓ice supplies, copying,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      c. Lester Earnest ␈↓ ¬~1.8␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l6,010           ␈↓ π∞␈↓     postage, computer repair services)
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Senior Research Associate
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         15%                                ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αE. Indirect Costs␈↓ ␈↓ ∞122,530
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓     (58% of A thru D)
␈↓ ↓N␈↓   2. Other Personnel (full time except
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      where speci␈↓α␈↓βC␈↓α␈↓ed otherwise):            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αF. Permanent Equipment␈↓ ␈↓ ,7,200
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓     3 Datamedia display terminals
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      a. Je␈↓α␈↓β@␈↓α␈↓ Rubin ␈↓ ¬12.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]29,143
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Computer Systems Specialist        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ _______
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αG. Total Costs ␈↓ ∂340,988
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      b. John Hennessey ␈↓ ¬~3.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l5,966
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Asst. Prof. of E.E.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         20% acad. yr., 40% sum.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      c. Arthur Samuel ␈↓ ¬~6.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]18,414
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Adjunct Prof. of C.S.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         50%

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      d. ␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓ ␈↓ ¬12.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]22,342
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Systems Programmer

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      e. Martin Frost ␈↓ ¬12.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]19,642
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Systems Programmer

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      f. Mark Lebrun ␈↓ ¬12.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]18,414
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Systems Programmer

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      g. Hilding Elmquist ␈↓ ¬~3.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l3,683
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Systems Programmer, 25%